{"id":2628,"date":"2025-01-03T14:07:19","date_gmt":"2025-01-03T14:07:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/a-guide-to-how-plastic-materials-are-made\/"},"modified":"2025-01-03T14:07:19","modified_gmt":"2025-01-03T14:07:19","slug":"%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d9%84%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/a-guide-to-how-plastic-materials-are-made\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 <b>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/b>? \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0633\u0646\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.immould.com\/plastics-manufacturing-processes-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.immould.com\/plastics-manufacturing-processes-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">1<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tigerkj.com\/en\/blog-detail\/how_is_plastic_made\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tigerkj.com\/en\/blog-detail\/how_is_plastic_made\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">2<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a (PET) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.xometry.com\/resources\/materials\/what-is-plastic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">3<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0646\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u0646\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <b>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/b>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u063a\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/plastics-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">4<\/a><\/sup>. \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1862 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0646\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/plastics-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2025<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/plastics-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">4<\/a><\/sup>. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org\/chemistry-101\/an-introduction-to-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">5<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org\/chemistry-101\/an-introduction-to-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">5<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627\u064b<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/plastics-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">4<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%84-%d9%84%d8%a2%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d8%ab%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%83-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a<\/a> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/plasticseurope.org\/plastics-explained\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">4<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/h2>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a. \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpf.co.uk\/plastipedia\/how-is-plastic-made.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">6<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4 - 61 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0626\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpf.co.uk\/plastipedia\/how-is-plastic-made.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (PE)<\/em>: \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 HDPE \u0648LDPE. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=23894\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646 (PP)<\/em>: PP \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=23894\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 (PVC)<\/em>: \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0640 PVC \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 PVC \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=23894\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 (PS)<\/em>: \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 PS \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=23894\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpf.co.uk\/plastipedia\/how-is-plastic-made.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">6<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biopak.com\/au\/resources\/bioplastic-vs-regular-plastic?srsltid=AfmBOorHz_mhJmk9JTn2LycPHMVQ9Iu2KreaGMsDXStLJfjcz8dGFehX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/synthetic-plastic-production-1024x585.jpg\" alt=\"\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\" title=\"\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-2630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/synthetic-plastic-production-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/synthetic-plastic-production-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/synthetic-plastic-production-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/synthetic-plastic-production-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/synthetic-plastic-production-1000x571.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/synthetic-plastic-production.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0648\u062a<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpf.co.uk\/plastipedia\/how-is-plastic-made.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0643 (PLA)<\/em>: \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biopak.com\/au\/resources\/bioplastic-vs-regular-plastic?srsltid=AfmBOorHz_mhJmk9JTn2LycPHMVQ9Iu2KreaGMsDXStLJfjcz8dGFehX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">8<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/em>: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=23894\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">7<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0649 0.21 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.biopak.com\/au\/resources\/bioplastic-vs-regular-plastic?srsltid=AfmBOorHz_mhJmk9JTn2LycPHMVQ9Iu2KreaGMsDXStLJfjcz8dGFehX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">8<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0636\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpf.co.uk\/plastipedia\/how-is-plastic-made.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">6<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/Chem1_(Lower)\/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids\/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">9<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/Chem1_(Lower)\/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids\/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">9<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/Chem1_(Lower)\/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids\/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">9<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/Chem1_(Lower)\/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids\/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/polymer-chemistry-insights-1024x585.jpg\" alt=\"\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\" title=\"\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-2631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/polymer-chemistry-insights-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/polymer-chemistry-insights-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/polymer-chemistry-insights-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/polymer-chemistry-insights-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/polymer-chemistry-insights-1000x571.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/polymer-chemistry-insights.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 80% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064820% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=17477\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">10<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=17477\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">10<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plastics-technology.com\/articles\/the-backbone-of-plastics-technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">11<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/Chem1_(Lower)\/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids\/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/Chem1_(Lower)\/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids\/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">9<\/a><\/sup>. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plastics-technology.com\/articles\/the-backbone-of-plastics-technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">11<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plastics-technology.com\/articles\/the-backbone-of-plastics-technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">11<\/a><\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plastics-technology.com\/articles\/the-backbone-of-plastics-technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">11<\/a><\/sup>. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/%d8%aa%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%ae%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%83-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%88%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/a><sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/chem.libretexts.org\/Bookshelves\/General_Chemistry\/Chem1_(Lower)\/07%3A_Solids_and_Liquids\/7.09%3A_Polymers_and_Plastics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">9<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eupegypt.com\/blog\/plastic-raw-materials-materials-to-create-plastic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">12<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/education\/classroom-activities\/role-playing-games\/case-of-plastics\/science-of-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.azom.com\/article.aspx?ArticleID=21427\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a> \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (PE) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0641\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 150 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/education\/classroom-activities\/role-playing-games\/case-of-plastics\/science-of-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/plastic-raw-material-sources-1024x585.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\" title=\"\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-2632\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/plastic-raw-material-sources-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/plastic-raw-material-sources-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/plastic-raw-material-sources-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/plastic-raw-material-sources-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/plastic-raw-material-sources-1000x571.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/plastic-raw-material-sources.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/eupegypt.com\/blog\/plastic-raw-materials-materials-to-create-plastic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">12<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 PBTL\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/education\/classroom-activities\/role-playing-games\/case-of-plastics\/science-of-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">13<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0644\u0642\u0650 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (PE)<\/td>\n<td>\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646 (PP)<\/td>\n<td>\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 (PS)<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0644 (PVC)<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (PTFE)<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<td>\u062a\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0642<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0632 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/h2>\n<p>\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/waykenrm.com\/blogs\/plastic-manufacturing-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">14<\/a><\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/waykenrm.com\/blogs\/plastic-manufacturing-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/waykenrm.com\/blogs\/plastic-manufacturing-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">14<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/waykenrm.com\/blogs\/plastic-manufacturing-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.protolabs.com\/resources\/guides-and-trend-reports\/plastic-manufacturing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">15<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/waykenrm.com\/blogs\/plastic-manufacturing-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/waykenrm.com\/blogs\/plastic-manufacturing-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">14<\/a><\/sup>. \u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.protolabs.com\/resources\/guides-and-trend-reports\/plastic-manufacturing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">15<\/a><\/sup><sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/waykenrm.com\/blogs\/plastic-manufacturing-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">14<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/waykenrm.com\/blogs\/plastic-manufacturing-process\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">14<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0647\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%87%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a-%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%af%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8\/\" target=\"_blank\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 PVC<\/a> \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.protolabs.com\/resources\/guides-and-trend-reports\/plastic-manufacturing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">15<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0646\u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b\u0642: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0626 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0629 PET \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plasticsforchange.org\/blog\/how-plastic-is-made\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">16<\/a><\/sup>. \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 300 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/upkeep.com\/learning\/plastic_manufacturing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">17<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/steps-in-plastic-material-production-1024x585.jpg\" alt=\"\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\" title=\"\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\" width=\"1024\" height=\"585\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-2633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/steps-in-plastic-material-production-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/steps-in-plastic-material-production-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/steps-in-plastic-material-production-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/steps-in-plastic-material-production-18x10.jpg 18w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/steps-in-plastic-material-production-1000x571.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/steps-in-plastic-material-production.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plasticsforchange.org\/blog\/how-plastic-is-made\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">16<\/a><\/sup>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.plasticsforchange.org\/blog\/how-plastic-is-made\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">16<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647. \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 801 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.starrapid.com\/blog\/the-top-7-ways-of-forming-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">18<\/a><\/sup>. \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 ABS \u0648PMMA \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/formlabs.com\/blog\/guide-to-manufacturing-processes-for-plastics\/?srsltid=AfmBOorO75sba6pmQHiPjXVfGfzMZYosWa_idBBk8mPrmjFlRH-2S_wo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">19<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0641\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0628. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 PET<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.starrapid.com\/blog\/the-top-7-ways-of-forming-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">18<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b\u0642<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/formlabs.com\/blog\/guide-to-manufacturing-processes-for-plastics\/?srsltid=AfmBOorO75sba6pmQHiPjXVfGfzMZYosWa_idBBk8mPrmjFlRH-2S_wo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">19<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>ABS\u060c PMMA\u060c PA<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u062e<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b\u0642<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062c \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a <b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/b> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 <b>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/b> \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1869 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/education\/classroom-activities\/role-playing-games\/case-of-plastics\/history-and-future-of-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">20<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 300% \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/education\/classroom-activities\/role-playing-games\/case-of-plastics\/history-and-future-of-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">20<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 <b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/b> \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 450 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0637\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">21<\/a><\/sup>. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 <b>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/b>. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 360 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a 8.41 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8432502\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">22<\/a><\/sup>. \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 <b>\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/b> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 51.2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8432502\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">22<\/a><\/sup>. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2.45 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8432502\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">22<\/a><\/sup>. \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 32.51 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8432502\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">22<\/a><\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencehistory.org\/education\/classroom-activities\/role-playing-games\/case-of-plastics\/history-and-future-of-plastics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">20<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0649 9% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">21<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0634\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/plastic-pollution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">21<\/a><\/sup>. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0627. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\n\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u062b\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647.<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0621\u064b \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 91 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u0642 121 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0640 791 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a 3 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5517107\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">23<\/a><\/sup>. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 1.1 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plastic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">24<\/a><\/sup>. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0646\u0627<sup class=\"citation\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciel.org\/project-update\/plastic-and-human-health-a-lifecycle-approach-to-plastic-pollution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">25<\/a><\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\n\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631. \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<section class=\"schema-section\">\n<h2>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/h2>\n<div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u061f<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>The basic steps are:<br \/>1. Getting the raw materials.<br \/>2. Refining and processing those materials.<br \/>3. Polymerization, turning them into polymers.<\/p>\n<p>4. Mixing polymers in polymer compounding.<br \/>5. Molding and shaping the material.<br \/>6. Finally, using post-processing techniques for finishing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u061f<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u061f<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646\u061f<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628. \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d. \u064a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/h3>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Have you ever wondered about the plastic manufacturing process? How are plastic materials made? Plastic products are a big part of our everyday lives and industrial uses. It&#8217;s important to know how they&#8217;re produced. Let&#8217;s explore the journey from raw materials to the final product. We&#8217;ll uncover the innovations and techniques behind modern plastic manufacturing. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2629,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_gspb_post_css":"","rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[17],"tags":[421,424,422,333,419,423,418,334,425,420],"class_list":["post-2628","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-reference-technology","tag-injection-molding-process","tag-plastic-additives-and-blending","tag-plastic-extrusion-methods","tag-plastic-manufacturing-process","tag-plastic-material-fabrication","tag-plastic-polymerization","tag-plastic-production-techniques","tag-polymer-production","tag-sustainable-plastic-production","tag-thermoplastic-manufacturing"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2628","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2628"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2628\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2628"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2628"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jiantaimachine.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2628"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u062f\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648 \u0628\u064a","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}